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New jack swing or swingbeat〔(New jack swing – Britannica Online Encyclopedia )〕 is a fusion genre spearheaded by Teddy Riley and Bernard Belle that became popular from the late 1980s into the early 1990s. Its influence, along with hip hop, seeped into pop culture and was the definitive sound of the inventive black New York club scene. It fuses the rhythms, samples, and production techniques of hip hop and dance-pop with the urban contemporary sound of R&B. The new jack swing style developed as many previous music styles did, by combining elements of older styles with newer sensibilities. It used R&B style vocals sung over hip hop and dance-pop style influenced instrumentation. The sound of new jack swing comes from the hip hop "swing" beats created by drum machine, and hardware samplers, which was popular during the Golden Age of Hip Hop, with contemporary R&B style singing. Merriam-Webster's online dictionary defines new jack swing as "pop music usually performed by black musicians that combines elements of traditional jazz, electronica, smooth jazz, funk, rap, and rhythm and blues."〔(jack swing – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary )〕 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' calls it the "most pop-oriented rhythm-and-blues music since 1960s Motown", since its "performers were unabashed entertainers, free of artistic pretensions; its songwriters and producers were commercial professionals." New jack swing did not take up the trend of using sampled beats, and instead created beats using the then-new SP-1200 sampler and Roland TR-808 drum machine to lay an "insistent beat under light melody lines and clearly enunciated vocals."〔 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' states that the "key producers" were Babyface, Bernard Belle, and Teddy Riley.〔 ==History== A collaboration between former members of Minneapolis music group The Time, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, and Janet Jackson originated the style that came to be known as new jack swing with Jackson's third studio album, ''Control'' (1986). Jam and Lewis used similar influences with hip-hop influenced drums with smoother R&B stylings in the production. Though Jackson had previously been popular in R&B music, ''Control'' established her crossover appeal in the popular music market. Musicologist Richard J. Ripani PhD, author of ''The New Blue Music: Changes in Rhythm & Blues, 1950–1999'' (2006), observed that the album was one of the first successful records to influence the rise of new jack swing by creating a fusion of R&B, rap, funk, disco and synthesized percussion. The success of ''Control'', according to Ripani, bridged the gap between R&B and rap music.〔 He asserts that "since Jackson's album was released in 1986 and was hugely successful, it is not unreasonable to assume that it had at least some impact on the new jack swing creations of Teddy Riley."〔 Mantronix's early records in the mid-1980s also had new jack elements. The term "new jack swing" was coined in an Oct. 18, 1987 ''Village Voice'' profile of Teddy Riley by Barry Michael Cooper. "New Jack" was a slang term (meaning ~'Johnny-come-lately'〔See the usage in an article about DMC: "But the bottom line is Darryl McDaniel IS DMC. He’s not some new jack who’s trying to make himself into something he isn’t." (Old School Feature – Run DMC Concert Review March 2001; 18 March 2001 ). Also, in lyrics for "Stix & Stonz" by De La Soul, featuring Grandmaster Caz and Tito.〕) used in a song by Grandmaster Caz of the Cold Crush Brothers, and "swing" was intended by Cooper to draw an "analogy between the music played at the speakeasies of F. Scott Fitzgerald's time to the crackhouses of Teddy Riley's time."〔() 〕 The term "new jack swing" describes the sound produced and engineered by R&B/hip hop artist and producer Teddy Riley. Riley is an American R&B and hip hop singer-songwriter, musician and record producer. He led the band Guy in the 1980s and Blackstreet in the 1990s. Riley said, "I define the term (jack swing ) as a new kid on the block who's swinging it." Music website VH1.com notes that while in the 2000s, "hip-hop and R&B are kissing cousins," in the early 1980s, "the two genres were seldom mentioned in the same breath." However, in the late 1980s, "during the era of high-top fades, and parachute pants, producer Teddy Riley and label boss Andre Harrell successfully fused and marketed the two sounds in a sexy, exclamatory music that critics termed new jack swing. It sparked a revolution." Riley stated that before new jack swing, "Rappers and singers didn't want anything to do with one another," because "Singers were soft, rappers were street." Riley's new style blended "sweet melody and big beats".〔(Honorees | Snoop Dogg, Missy Elliott, Whodini, New Jack Swing, A Tribe Called Quest | The Score | 2007 VH1 Hip Hop Honors )〕 The sensibilities of Riley's fusion of the styles would forever change pop music/hip-hop music pairing and was further popularized with Bad Boy's dominance of the late '90s through much of the same techniques. Riley, a 19-year-old kid from Harlem, quickly became an A-list producer and commanded big fees to add his sound to major artist projects. The aesthetic of the culture also spread to mainstream white audiences through popular groups such as New Kids on the Block. New jack swing is mellifluously soulful solo or harmonizing vocals addressing romantic and sexual themes and lyrics, sung over rhythms and "street" beats derived from urban musical influences. This style of music melded with hip hop, which also gave it elements of aggression of swaggering on some songs. Some songs consisted of rhythmic beats with music, while others had singing alternating with rap sections over this same type of music. According to the 2004 ''New Rolling Stone Album Guide'', when Michael Jackson recorded his album ''Dangerous'' in 1991, he wanted to update his sound, so he replaced his previous producer Quincy Jones with Riley.〔(Michael Jackson: Biography: ''Rolling Stone'' ) 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「New jack swing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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